(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (mb)Mercantilism and companies(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Silver and production networks(pen)
(pen)o (mb)Mercantilism and companies(pen)
(pen)-> (mb)Mercantilism(pen) tied regulated commerce to state power.
(pen)-> Rulers sought (hp)bullion(pen) (gold and (hp)silver(pen)) and export earnings.
(pen)-> Colonies supplied resources and bought home-country goods.
(pen)-> Trade rules reserved colonial shipping for favored fleets.
(pen)-> Joint-stock (mb)companies(pen) pooled (mb)investors(pen)' capital and risks.
(pen)-> Royal (mb)charters(pen) granted (mb)monopolies(pen) over designated trades.
(pen)-> English and Dutch East India (mb)companies(pen) held trade (mb)charters(pen).
(pen)-> Some (mb)companies(pen) could build forts, wage war, and make treaties.
(pen)-> Anglo-Dutch wars reflected rivalry over shipping and trade.
(pen)-> Profits and (mb)customs(pen) helped finance fleets and imperial power.
(pen)o (hp)Silver and production networks(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Potosi(pen) and Mexican mines supplied Spanish American (hp)silver(pen).
(pen)-> (hp)Silver(pen) crossed the (g)Atlantic(pen) and the Pacific via Manila.
(pen)-> Acapulco-(hp)Manila(pen) (hp)galleons(pen) linked American and Asian markets.
(pen)-> Chinese (hp)silver(pen) taxes increased demand for imported (hp)bullion(pen).
(pen)-> Merchants exchanged (hp)silver(pen) for Chinese (hp)silk(pen) and porcelain.
(pen)-> Asian merchants and older regional markets stayed important.
(pen)-> Export demand intensified Indian (hp)cotton(pen) and Chinese (hp)silk(pen) work.
(pen)-> European households also produced wool and linen for sale.
(pen)-> (hp)Peasant(pen) households and artisan workshops remained important.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Atlantic societies and families(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Religion and cultural encounters(pen)
(pen)o (g)Atlantic societies and families(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Atlantic(pen) routes moved manufactures, crops, wealth, and people.
(pen)-> Enslaved Africans endured the violent Middle Passage crossing.
(pen)-> Plantation exports tied American labor to overseas demand.
(pen)-> Actual routes varied; not all voyages formed a triangle.
(pen)-> Slave raiding and sales tore apart African (g)families(pen).
(pen)-> Male-heavy exports altered (g)gender(pen) balances in some regions.
(pen)-> (g)Women(pen) often assumed added farming and household burdens.
(pen)-> African, European, and Indigenous peoples formed new (g)cultures(pen).
(pen)-> Food, (g)language(pen), (g)music(pen), and worship changed through contact.
(pen)o (p)Religion and cultural encounters(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Catholic(pen) (p)missionaries(pen) spread Christianity in colonial lands.
(pen)-> Mission churches linked (p)conversion(pen) to imperial settlement.
(pen)-> (p)Islam(pen) also spread through merchants and teachers in Asia.
(pen)-> Both faiths crossed (g)cultures(pen); routes and patrons differed.
(pen)-> Iberian missions often relied on conquest and state backing.
(pen)-> Suppression of Pueblo rituals fueled resistance to missions.
(pen)-> (p)Syncretism(pen) combined elements of distinct (p)religious(pen) traditions.
(pen)-> Indigenous and African (p)rites(pen) could adapt (p)Catholic(pen) observances.
(pen)-> (p)Kongo(pen) (p)crucifixes(pen) (1500s-1600s) recast Christian symbols.
(pen)-> Some (p)crucifixes(pen) linked (p)Christ(pen) with ancestral beliefs.