(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (db)Maritime conquest and trade(pen)
(pen)-> (or)African and Asian power(pen)
(pen)o (db)Maritime conquest and trade(pen)
(pen)-> (db)Portugal(pen) seized strategic ports such as Goa and Malacca.
(pen)-> (db)Portugal(pen)'s (or)Elmina(pen) fort (1482) stood on Africa's Gold Coast.
(pen)-> (db)Patrols(pen) seized ships lacking compulsory (db)cartaz(pen) trade passes.
(pen)-> (db)Spanish(pen) conquests toppled Mexica and Inca imperial centers.
(pen)-> Indigenous allies and epidemics helped small invading armies.
(pen)-> (db)Spain(pen) built territorial colonies; (db)Portugal(pen) colonized Brazil.
(pen)-> (db)Dutch(pen) merchants held (or)Asian(pen) posts and Caribbean colonies.
(pen)-> (db)France(pen) developed Canadian fur trade and Caribbean colonies.
(pen)-> (db)Britain(pen) founded mainland and Caribbean plantation colonies.
(pen)-> Political, religious, and trade rivalries drove expansion.
(pen)o (or)African and Asian power(pen)
(pen)-> Trade and Christian diplomacy boosted (or)Kongo(pen)'s royal influence.
(pen)-> Slave trading also weakened (or)Kongo(pen) and fueled conflicts.
(pen)-> (or)Asante(pen) rose around 1700 through (db)conquest(pen) and commerce.
(pen)-> Gold and slave trades helped (or)Asante(pen) obtain arms and wealth.
(pen)-> (or)Ming(pen) trade limits sought economic and political control.
(pen)-> (or)Tokugawa(pen) Japan limited Europeans to curb Christian influence.
(pen)-> (db)Dutch(pen) merchants traded at (or)Dejima(pen) under strict supervision.
(pen)-> (or)Gujarati(pen), Arab, and (or)Javanese(pen) merchants remained active.
(pen)-> Indian Ocean trade flourished despite European disruption.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (pu)Indigenous and contracted labor(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Slavery and plantation demand(pen)
(pen)o (pu)Indigenous and contracted labor(pen)
(pen)-> Colonial American economies relied heavily on agriculture.
(pen)-> (pu)Encomienda(pen) granted claims to Indigenous tribute or (pu)labor(pen).
(pen)-> Colonists owed protection and Christian instruction in law.
(pen)-> Abuse was common; grants were not legal ownership of people.
(pen)-> (pu)Haciendas(pen) were large farming or ranching estates.
(pen)-> (pu)Labor(pen) included tenancy, wage work, and debt (y)bondage(pen).
(pen)-> Inca mit'a had required rotational (pu)labor(pen) for state projects.
(pen)-> (db)Spain(pen) adapted (pu)mita(pen) drafts to compel labor in Andean mines.
(pen)-> (pu)Indentured(pen) (pu)servants(pen) worked fixed terms for passage or debt.
(pen)-> Term (pu)contracts(pen) differed from lifelong (y)hereditary(pen) enslavement.
(pen)o (y)Slavery and plantation demand(pen)
(pen)-> (or)African(pen) (y)slavery(pen) predated European Atlantic colonization.
(pen)-> Household (y)enslavement(pen) and older export routes continued.
(pen)-> (y)Captives(pen) still went to Mediterranean and Indian Ocean markets.
(pen)-> American sugar plantations sharply increased (pu)labor(pen) demand.
(pen)-> Atlantic (y)chattel(pen) (y)slavery(pen) legally treated people as property.
(pen)-> In many colonies, (y)enslaved(pen) status passed through mothers.
(pen)-> Racial categories increasingly justified (y)hereditary(pen) (y)bondage(pen).
(pen)-> Forced migration separated families and reshaped populations.
(pen)-> Indigenous and (or)African(pen) coerced (pu)labor(pen) coexisted in colonies.