(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (or)Motives and state support(pen)
(pen)-> (db)Portuguese routes(pen)
(pen)-> (r)Spanish voyages(pen)
(pen)o (or)Motives and state support(pen)
(pen)-> Asian spices and luxury goods promised high trade (or)profits(pen).
(pen)-> Europeans sought sea routes around costly intermediaries.
(pen)-> Existing overland trade continued; it was not fully blocked.
(pen)-> Monarchs pursued customs (or)revenue(pen), (or)prestige(pen), and rival claims.
(pen)-> Christian expansion accompanied commercial ambitions.
(pen)-> Royal (or)funding(pen) and privileges helped finance risky voyages.
(pen)o (db)Portuguese routes(pen)
(pen)-> (db)Portugal(pen) sponsored voyages down Africa's (g)Atlantic(pen) coast.
(pen)-> African trade supplied gold and enslaved people to buyers.
(pen)-> Bartolomeu (db)Dias(pen) rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
(pen)-> Vasco da (db)Gama(pen) reached India's Calicut by sea in 1498.
(pen)-> African and Asian pilots helped Europeans navigate routes.
(pen)-> Armed fleets and coastal posts sought a share of Asian trade.
(pen)o (r)Spanish voyages(pen)
(pen)-> (r)Spain(pen) backed (r)Columbus(pen)'s westward voyage to Asia in 1492.
(pen)-> He reached inhabited (r)Caribbean(pen) islands, not Asian markets.
(pen)-> Repeated voyages began sustained (g)Atlantic(pen) colonization.
(pen)-> (r)Spain(pen) claimed lands and sought wealth and Christian converts.
(pen)-> Indigenous societies already had their own trade networks.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Atlantic and Pacific links(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Northern searches(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Economic consequences(pen)
(pen)o (g)Atlantic and Pacific links(pen)
(pen)-> Iberian rivalry led to the Treaty of (g)Tordesillas(pen) in 1494.
(pen)-> It divided claims without Indigenous peoples' consent.
(pen)-> (db)Portugal(pen) claimed Brazil after Cabral's arrival in 1500.
(pen)-> (r)Spain(pen) backed (g)Magellan(pen)'s westward expedition in 1519.
(pen)-> (g)Magellan(pen) died; (g)Elcano(pen)'s survivors completed it in 1522.
(pen)-> The circumnavigation demonstrated linked ocean routes.
(pen)o (y)Northern searches(pen)
(pen)-> England, France, and Dutch merchants also sought Asia.
(pen)-> (y)Northern(pen) voyages searched for a Northwest (y)Passage(pen).
(pen)-> John (y)Cabot(pen) sailed under English sponsorship in 1497.
(pen)-> French voyages explored the St. Lawrence River region.
(pen)-> (y)Hudson(pen) sailed for the Dutch in 1609 seeking an Asian route.
(pen)-> Failed (y)passage(pen) searches still supported colonial claims.
(pen)o (pu)Economic consequences(pen)
(pen)-> New routes connected (g)Atlantic(pen) (pu)commerce(pen) to Asian markets.
(pen)-> (db)Portuguese(pen) ports tried to channel spices through their ships.
(pen)-> American conquest later yielded (pu)silver(pen) and plantation crops.
(pen)-> Exploration intensified (pu)competition(pen) for ports and resources.
(pen)-> Oceanic expansion reshaped, but did not erase, older trade.