(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Knowledge across cultures(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Navigational instruments(pen)
(pen)-> (mb)Sails and steering(pen)
(pen)o (g)Knowledge across cultures(pen)
(pen)-> Europeans adapted Asian and Islamic maritime (g)knowledge(pen).
(pen)-> Chinese (g)compass(pen) use spread west through (li)trade(pen) contacts.
(pen)-> Islamic scholars preserved and extended Greek (g)astronomy(pen).
(pen)-> Mediterranean contacts transmitted mathematical (g)learning(pen).
(pen)-> Indian Ocean (g)pilots(pen) knew routes long before Europeans.
(pen)-> These exchanges enabled innovation, not isolated invention.
(pen)o (pu)Navigational instruments(pen)
(pen)-> A magnetic (g)compass(pen) indicated direction beyond sight of land.
(pen)-> An (pu)astrolabe(pen) measured the angle of the sun or stars.
(pen)-> Mariners used these angles to estimate (pu)latitude(pen) at sea.
(pen)-> (pu)Latitude(pen) measures distance north or south of the equator.
(pen)-> Astronomical (pu)charts(pen) recorded positions of heavenly bodies.
(pen)-> Coastal (pu)charts(pen) mapped ports, hazards, and sailing routes.
(pen)o (mb)Sails and steering(pen)
(pen)-> (mb)Lateen(pen) (mb)sails(pen) spread through older Mediterranean networks.
(pen)-> Their triangular shape aided sailing at angles to the wind.
(pen)-> (mb)Tacking(pen) used angled courses to make progress upwind.
(pen)-> Square (mb)sails(pen) supplied power when (hp)winds(pen) blew from behind.
(pen)-> Combining sail types balanced maneuverability and speed.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (or)Ocean ship designs(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Winds and return routes(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Trade and naval power(pen)
(pen)o (or)Ocean ship designs(pen)
(pen)-> Portuguese (or)caravels(pen) were small, maneuverable sailing (or)ships(pen).
(pen)-> Shallow drafts aided coastal exploration along Africa.
(pen)-> Larger (or)carracks(pen) carried (or)provisions(pen) and cargo across oceans.
(pen)-> Their (or)storage(pen) supported longer voyages far from supplies.
(pen)-> Dutch (or)fluyts(pen) carried bulk freight with relatively few crew.
(pen)-> Lower operating costs helped Dutch (li)shipping(pen) compete.
(pen)o (hp)Winds and return routes(pen)
(pen)-> Sailors combined (pu)instruments(pen) with practical ocean (g)knowledge(pen).
(pen)-> Atlantic (li)trade(pen) (hp)winds(pen) aided westward tropical crossings.
(pen)-> (hp)Westerlies(pen) farther north helped (or)ships(pen) return toward Europe.
(pen)-> Portuguese sailors used ocean loops to find favorable (hp)winds(pen).
(pen)-> Indian Ocean (hp)monsoons(pen) reversed with seasonal changes.
(pen)-> (g)Pilots(pen) timed departures to (hp)winds(pen) rather than sail directly.
(pen)o (li)Trade and naval power(pen)
(pen)-> Larger (li)cargoes(pen) lowered transport costs per unit of goods.
(pen)-> Better route (g)knowledge(pen) made repeated ocean voyages feasible.
(pen)-> Shipboard (li)cannon(pen) helped (li)fleets(pen) threaten rival ports.
(pen)-> Armed (li)shipping(pen) linked commercial travel to imperial power.
(pen)-> Technology still required money, crews, and state backing.