o Overview
-> Colonial resistance
-> African diplomacy and warfare
-> Regional challenges in Asia
o Colonial resistance
-> Spanish forced labor and ritual bans burdened the Pueblo.
-> Po'pay led the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico in 1680.
-> Rebels expelled Spain; Spaniards returned in the 1690s.
-> Wampanoag chief Metacom resisted English land seizure.
-> His coalition fought in New England in 1675-1676.
-> Colonial victory brought Native displacement and enslavement.
o African diplomacy and warfare
-> Nzinga ruled Ndongo and later Matamba in central Africa.
-> Portuguese conquest and slave raiding threatened her power.
-> She used conversion and negotiation with armed resistance.
-> Alliance with the Dutch challenged Portuguese strength.
-> Matamba sheltered fugitives and built military resources.
-> Nzinga preserved a state while participating in slave trading.
o Regional challenges in Asia
-> Mughal expansion faced Maratha opposition in the Deccan.
-> Shivaji built regional power through forts and mobile warfare.
-> A coronation in 1674 asserted his independent kingship.
-> Prolonged conflict strained Mughal armies and revenues.
-> Resistance could build rival states rather than end monarchy.
o Overview
-> Elite resistance in Europe
-> Frontier and peasant revolt
-> Resistance to enslavement
o Elite resistance in Europe
-> French royal taxation and centralization provoked the Fronde.
-> In 1648-1653, magistrates and nobles challenged the crown.
-> These elites defended privileges, not equal rights for all.
-> Royal victory helped Louis XIV consolidate authority.
-> Nobles retained status despite losing this challenge.
-> Rulers negotiated with elites as well as crushing revolt.
o Frontier and peasant revolt
-> Russian rulers extended control over frontier communities.
-> Cossacks valued military privileges and local autonomy.
-> Stenka Razin led a major revolt in 1670-1671.
-> Cossacks and discontented peasants challenged officials.
-> The state crushed the revolt and executed Razin.
-> Frontier fighters could serve rulers or resist their demands.
o Resistance to enslavement
-> Maroons escaped slavery and formed autonomous communities.
-> Brazilian Palmares resisted colonial attacks in the 1600s.
-> Settlements used defense, agriculture, and regional exchange.
-> Colonial forces destroyed Palmares's main center in 1694.
-> Escape and organized resistance challenged slavery's power.