o Overview
-> Maritime conquest and trade
-> African and Asian power
o Maritime conquest and trade
-> Portugal seized strategic ports such as Goa and Malacca.
-> Portugal's Elmina fort (1482) stood on Africa's Gold Coast.
-> Patrols seized ships lacking compulsory cartaz trade passes.
-> Spanish conquests toppled Mexica and Inca imperial centers.
-> Indigenous allies and epidemics helped small invading armies.
-> Spain built territorial colonies; Portugal colonized Brazil.
-> Dutch merchants held Asian posts and Caribbean colonies.
-> France developed Canadian fur trade and Caribbean colonies.
-> Britain founded mainland and Caribbean plantation colonies.
-> Political, religious, and trade rivalries drove expansion.
o African and Asian power
-> Trade and Christian diplomacy boosted Kongo's royal influence.
-> Slave trading also weakened Kongo and fueled conflicts.
-> Asante rose around 1700 through conquest and commerce.
-> Gold and slave trades helped Asante obtain arms and wealth.
-> Ming trade limits sought economic and political control.
-> Tokugawa Japan limited Europeans to curb Christian influence.
-> Dutch merchants traded at Dejima under strict supervision.
-> Gujarati, Arab, and Javanese merchants remained active.
-> Indian Ocean trade flourished despite European disruption.
o Overview
-> Indigenous and contracted labor
-> Slavery and plantation demand
o Indigenous and contracted labor
-> Colonial American economies relied heavily on agriculture.
-> Encomienda granted claims to Indigenous tribute or labor.
-> Colonists owed protection and Christian instruction in law.
-> Abuse was common; grants were not legal ownership of people.
-> Haciendas were large farming or ranching estates.
-> Labor included tenancy, wage work, and debt bondage.
-> Inca mit'a had required rotational labor for state projects.
-> Spain adapted mita drafts to compel labor in Andean mines.
-> Indentured servants worked fixed terms for passage or debt.
-> Term contracts differed from lifelong hereditary enslavement.
o Slavery and plantation demand
-> African slavery predated European Atlantic colonization.
-> Household enslavement and older export routes continued.
-> Captives still went to Mediterranean and Indian Ocean markets.
-> American sugar plantations sharply increased labor demand.
-> Atlantic chattel slavery legally treated people as property.
-> In many colonies, enslaved status passed through mothers.
-> Racial categories increasingly justified hereditary bondage.
-> Forced migration separated families and reshaped populations.
-> Indigenous and African coerced labor coexisted in colonies.