(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Protestant Reformation(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Catholic responses(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Confessional Europe(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Protestant Reformation(pen)
(pen)-> Luther attacked (hp)indulgence sales(pen) in 1517.
(pen)-> Luther taught justification by (hp)faith(pen), not works.
(pen)-> Protestants put (hp)scripture(pen) above papal authority.
(pen)-> Printing spread Luther's arguments quickly across Europe.
(pen)-> Some princes protected (hp)reform(pen) and gained church lands.
(pen)-> (hp)Lutheranism(pen) and (hp)Calvinism(pen) became Protestant traditions.
(pen)-> Calvinists stressed (hp)predestination(pen) and discipline.
(pen)o (pu)Catholic responses(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Catholic(pen) leaders answered (hp)Protestant(pen) challenges with reform.
(pen)-> (pu)Trent(pen) upheld church tradition alongside scripture.
(pen)-> Trent also addressed clerical abuses and improved training.
(pen)-> (pu)Jesuits(pen) founded schools and carried Catholic missions abroad.
(pen)-> Seven (pu)sacraments(pen) and papal authority endured Catholic reform.
(pen)o (p)Confessional Europe(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Religious division(pen) fueled Europe's Thirty Years' War.
(pen)-> Catholic France fought Habsburgs for (p)dynastic power(pen), too.
(pen)-> France granted (p)Huguenot rights(pen) in 1598, revoked them in 1685.
(pen)-> Vernacular Bibles widened lay access to religious debate.
(pen)-> Christianity endured while (p)confessional unity(pen) fractured.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (pu)Sunni Ottoman and Shi(pen)'(pu)a Safavid identity(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Sikhism in a diverse Punjab(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Faith(pen), (hp)state(pen), (hp)continuity(pen), (hp)and change(pen)
(pen)o (pu)Sunni Ottoman and Shi(pen)'(pu)a Safavid identity(pen)
(pen)-> Ottomans were (pu)Sunni(pen); Safavids made Twelver (pu)Shi(pen)'(pu)a(pen) official.
(pen)-> This distinguished Safavid Persia from (pu)Sunni rivals(pen).
(pen)-> Ottoman-Safavid (pu)rivalry(pen) concerned land and political power.
(pen)-> War intensified a (pu)Sunni(pen)-(pu)Shi(pen)'(pu)a(pen) split rooted in early Islam.
(pen)-> Both empires used (pu)religious identity(pen) to support authority.
(pen)-> Sectarian identity could unite subjects and define rivals.
(pen)-> Neither empire's policy made its people religiously uniform.
(pen)o (li)Sikhism in a diverse Punjab(pen)
(pen)-> Guru (li)Nanak(pen) taught one-God devotion in Punjab.
(pen)-> (li)Sikhism(pen) formed a distinct faith amid Hindu-Muslim interaction.
(pen)-> Sikh teachings challenged (li)caste(pen) and stressed human (li)equality(pen).
(pen)-> (li)Langar(pen) community meals put Sikh equality into practice.
(pen)o (hp)Faith(pen), (hp)state(pen), (hp)continuity(pen), (hp)and change(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Akbar(pen) allied with Hindus and encouraged (hp)tolerance(pen).
(pen)-> (hp)Aurangzeb(pen) later restored (hp)jizya(pen) on non-Muslims, a policy shift.
(pen)-> Hindu (hp)traditions(pen) persisted under Muslim Mughal rulers.
(pen)-> Empires used (hp)faith(pen) to legitimize rule over diverse peoples.
(pen)-> Policies varied; diversity did not guarantee equality.
(pen)-> (hp)State(pen) support shaped faith, but local practice also endured.