(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (y)Bureaucratic and military service(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Taxation and imperial capacity(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Central authority and local elites(pen)
(pen)o (y)Bureaucratic and military service(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Qing(pen) rulers retained (pu)Confucian(pen) exams and scholar-officials.
(pen)-> Exams recruited educated men; wealthy elites dominated office.
(pen)-> (g)Ottoman(pen) (br)devshirme(pen) coerced Christian boys into state service.
(pen)-> Converts could become (y)Janissaries(pen) or senior administrators.
(pen)-> (y)Janissaries(pen) formed salaried professional infantry.
(pen)-> Janissary (y)recruitment(pen) later widened beyond (br)devshirme(pen).
(pen)o (g)Taxation and imperial capacity(pen)
(pen)-> Ottoman (g)tax farmers(pen) bid for rights to collect revenue.
(pen)-> (g)Tax farming(pen) raised cash but encouraged taxpayer exploitation.
(pen)-> Mughal zamindars collected (g)land revenue(pen) from peasants.
(pen)-> Akbar's surveys helped assess (g)land taxes(pen).
(pen)-> (g)Revenue(pen) financed (y)armies(pen), officials, and further expansion.
(pen)-> Local bargaining constrained what rulers could extract.
(pen)o (p)Central authority and local elites(pen)
(pen)-> Mughal (p)mansabdars(pen) held ranks and supplied cavalry.
(pen)-> Rank and revenue assignments tied (p)nobles(pen) to the emperor.
(pen)-> Qing (p)gentry(pen) mediated disputes and helped local officials.
(pen)-> Officials depended on local knowledge and (p)elite cooperation(pen).
(pen)-> Such ties extended state power but limited (p)direct control(pen).
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (pu)Religion and imperial legitimacy(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Art and monumental architecture(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Limits on central power(pen)
(pen)o (pu)Religion and imperial legitimacy(pen)
(pen)-> Ottoman sultans used (pu)Sunni Islam(pen) to support their authority.
(pen)-> Safavids promoted (pu)Twelver Shi(pen)'(pu)a(pen) Islam as a state religion.
(pen)-> Qing emperors invoked (pu)Heaven(pen)'(pu)s mandate(pen) and Confucian duties.
(pen)-> France's Louis XIV claimed (pu)divine right(pen) to rule.
(pen)-> Akbar built Mughal loyalty through (pu)Hindu(pen) elite (p)alliances(pen).
(pen)-> (pu)Religious claims(pen) did not require identical policies.
(pen)o (g)Art and monumental architecture(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Versailles(pen) displayed royal grandeur and drew nobles to court.
(pen)-> (g)Court patronage(pen) tied French nobles to Louis XIV's favor.
(pen)-> Shah Jahan's (g)Taj Mahal(pen) displayed Mughal wealth and piety.
(pen)-> Qing (g)portraits(pen) depicted ritual and military authority.
(pen)-> Ottoman (g)mosque complexes(pen) linked piety with public charity.
(pen)-> (g)Monumental building(pen) displayed command of labor and revenue.
(pen)o (hp)Limits on central power(pen)
(pen)-> Janissaries gained interests that could (hp)challenge(pen) sultans.
(pen)-> Mughal zamindars bargained over revenue and (hp)resisted demands(pen).
(pen)-> Heavy taxes could fund rule but also provoke (hp)resistance(pen).
(pen)-> Aztec (g)tribute(pen) lists recorded subject towns' obligations.
(pen)-> Before 1521, (g)tribute(pen) sustained Aztec (p)nobles(pen) and armies.