(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Gunpowder and expansion(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Ottoman and Safavid empires(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Mughal expansion in South Asia(pen)
(pen)o (g)Gunpowder and expansion(pen)
(pen)-> Cannons breached walls; (hp)firearms(pen) aided conquest.
(pen)-> Armies also needed (y)money(pen), supplies, and skilled commanders.
(pen)-> Russian (y)fur traders(pen) used armed force to secure trade.
(pen)-> Rulers sought land, (y)taxes(pen), trade, and security.
(pen)-> Conquest let rulers tax (li)diverse peoples(pen) and resources.
(pen)-> (y)Tax revenue(pen) supported armies and further state-building.
(pen)o (y)Ottoman and Safavid empires(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Ottomans(pen) expanded in southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
(pen)-> Cannons helped (g)Mehmed II(pen) take Constantinople in 1453.
(pen)-> Ottoman routes and cities increased trade revenue.
(pen)-> (pu)Safavids(pen) built an empire in (pu)Persia(pen) under Shah Ismail.
(pen)-> (hp)Chaldiran(pen) (1514): Ottoman firearms defeated Safavid cavalry.
(pen)-> Ottoman-Safavid rivalry mixed faith and political competition.
(pen)o (p)Mughal expansion in South Asia(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Babur(pen) ruled Kabul before founding Mughal power in India.
(pen)-> At (hp)Panipat(pen) (1526), Babur's guns aided victory in India.
(pen)-> Mughals expanded across South Asia for land and revenue.
(pen)-> Local alliances helped govern conquered populations.
(pen)-> Land taxes funded armies; resistance limited imperial control.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (y)Qing expansion and frontier rule(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Russian expansion across Siberia(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Rivalry and costs of empire(pen)
(pen)o (y)Qing expansion and frontier rule(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Manchu(pen) rulers conquered Ming China; they took Beijing in 1644.
(pen)-> Qing took (y)Taiwan(pen) in 1683; Khalkha Mongols submitted in 1691.
(pen)-> Conquest secured borders and access to frontier trade.
(pen)-> Manchus imposed queues on Han men as signs of submission.
(pen)-> Qing allied with Mongol elites, adapting frontier rule.
(pen)-> Kangxi defeated Dzungar forces in Mongolia in 1696.
(pen)o (g)Russian expansion across Siberia(pen)
(pen)-> Russia sought (y)furs(pen), tribute, land, and Pacific access.
(pen)-> (br)Cossacks(pen) crossed Siberia; firearms aided armed expeditions.
(pen)-> Forts and tribute extended tsarist authority eastward.
(pen)-> Fur trade funded expansion but displaced local peoples.
(pen)-> Siberian peoples paid yasak fur tribute under coercion.
(pen)o (hp)Rivalry and costs of empire(pen)
(pen)-> Ottomans and Safavids fought over borderlands and influence.
(pen)-> Safavids and Mughals contested strategic Kandahar.
(pen)-> Russia and Qing competed over Siberian frontier claims.
(pen)-> (y)Nerchinsk(pen) (1689) set a border and regulated trade.
(pen)-> Empires used war and diplomacy to secure routes and resources.
(pen)-> Resistance and long supply lines raised conquest costs.