(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Safavid military centralization(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Ottoman reach and caliphal claims(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Gunpowder and limits on conquest(pen)
(pen)o (g)Safavid military centralization(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Abbas I(pen) (1588-1629) expanded Safavid royal forces.
(pen)-> (g)Qizilbash(pen) chiefs held tribal troops, offices, and local power.
(pen)-> His (g)ghulams(pen) included enslaved Caucasian converts to Islam.
(pen)-> Royal pay and offices made (g)ghulams(pen) dependent on the shah.
(pen)-> They checked tribal chiefs; (g)Qizilbash(pen) cavalry remained in use.
(pen)-> Abbas redirected more (or)taxes(pen) and silk (or)profits(pen) to royal forces.
(pen)-> (g)Isfahan(pen), Abbas's capital, displayed power through mosques.
(pen)o (li)Ottoman reach and caliphal claims(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Ottomans(pen) conquered Mamluk (li)Egypt(pen) in North Africa in 1517.
(pen)-> Rule spread through much of (li)North Africa(pen), but not Morocco.
(pen)-> Sultans claimed to be (li)caliphs(pen): heads of the Muslim community.
(pen)-> Protecting (li)Mecca(pen) and (li)Medina(pen) strengthened religious prestige.
(pen)-> (li)Caliphal(pen) claims were contested, not accepted by all Muslims.
(pen)o (hp)Gunpowder and limits on conquest(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Morocco(pen) invaded (hp)Songhai(pen) in 1591 for trade and revenue.
(pen)-> At (hp)Tondibi(pen), Moroccan (hp)firearms(pen) helped defeat Songhai forces.
(pen)-> Internal (hp)succession disputes(pen) also weakened Songhai.
(pen)-> At (hp)Chaldiran(pen) (1514), Ottomans defeated Ismail I's army.
(pen)-> (hp)Supply problems(pen) soon forced their withdrawal from Tabriz.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (or)Revenue and dependent service(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Religious communities and taxation(pen)
(pen)o (or)Revenue and dependent service(pen)
(pen)-> (or)Tax farmers(pen) prepaid rulers for rights to collect state taxes.
(pen)-> Mughal (or)jagirs(pen) assigned tax income, not land ownership.
(pen)-> Emperors reassigned many (or)jagirs(pen), limiting nobles' local power.
(pen)-> Inca (or)mit(pen)'(or)a(pen) required rotating labor for state projects.
(pen)-> Ming (or)silver(pen) taxes pushed peasants to sell crops for money.
(pen)-> French (or)intendants(pen) enforced royal policy in the provinces.
(pen)-> Appointed officials reduced (or)dependence(pen) on hereditary nobles.
(pen)-> (or)Boyars(pen), Russian nobles, served tsars for control over serfs.
(pen)-> (or)Serfs(pen) were peasants bound to estates, owing labor or dues.
(pen)-> Tokugawa (or)samurai(pen), paid warriors, often became officials.
(pen)o (pu)Religious communities and taxation(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Millet(pen) practices varied among Ottoman religious communities.
(pen)-> Non-Muslim leaders oversaw (pu)worship(pen), (pu)marriage(pen), and schools.
(pen)-> (pu)Delegation(pen) reduced direct Ottoman administrative burdens.
(pen)-> Community authority remained subject to (li)Ottoman(pen) rule.
(pen)-> Communities could also use imperial (pu)Islamic courts(pen).
(pen)-> (pu)Jizya(pen) was a poll tax on eligible adult non-Muslim men.
(pen)-> Women and children were exempt; rates could vary by means.
(pen)-> (pu)Dhimmi(pen) protection allowed worship, not legal equality.
(pen)-> (pu)Jizya(pen) did not itself grant communal self-government.