(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Reformation and church authority(pen)
(pen)-> (or)Sunni and Shi(pen)'(or)a leadership(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Religious legitimation and diversity(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Reformation and church authority(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Indulgences(pen) remitted temporal penalties for forgiven sins.
(pen)-> Their sale fed charges of church (hp)corruption(pen), fueling reform.
(pen)-> Luther taught (hp)justification(pen): acceptance by God through faith.
(pen)-> Calvin's (hp)predestination(pen) held that God determines salvation.
(pen)-> (hp)Henry VIII(pen) broke with Rome and headed England's Church.
(pen)-> (hp)Royal supremacy(pen) put church offices and wealth under the crown.
(pen)-> The Council of (hp)Trent(pen) defended doctrine and reformed clergy.
(pen)o (or)Sunni and Shi(pen)'(or)a leadership(pen)
(pen)-> (or)Sunnis(pen) recognized the first four caliphs as rightly guided.
(pen)-> (or)Shi(pen)'(or)a(pen) saw Ali and his line as Muhammad's rightful successors.
(pen)-> (or)Twelver Shi(pen)'(or)a(pen) revered twelve Imams as religious authorities.
(pen)-> Ottomans backed (or)Sunni(pen) clergy; Safavids backed (or)Shi(pen)'(or)a(pen) clergy.
(pen)o (p)Religious legitimation and diversity(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Divine right(pen) cast obedience to God-given kings as sacred.
(pen)-> Qing claimed Heaven's (p)mandate(pen), conditional on moral rule.
(pen)-> Inca (p)sun temples(pen) displayed rulers' claimed divine ancestry.
(pen)-> Askia Muhammad promoted (p)Islam(pen) to legitimize Songhai rule.
(pen)-> Qing backed (p)Tibetan Buddhism(pen) to court Mongols and Tibetans.
(pen)-> (p)Orthodox(pen) clergy supported Russian tsars and taught obedience.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Accommodation and cultural patronage(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Religious division and settlement(pen)
(pen)-> (y)American tribute and sacred authority(pen)
(pen)o (g)Accommodation and cultural patronage(pen)
(pen)-> Mughal Akbar recruited (g)Rajputs(pen), Hindu warrior elites.
(pen)-> Their troops and support eased rule over a (g)Hindu majority(pen).
(pen)-> Akbar commissioned the (g)Akbarnama(pen) as an official history.
(pen)-> (g)Funding(pen) encouraged authors to portray rulers favorably.
(pen)-> Tokugawa (g)daimyo(pen) were regional lords with their own domains.
(pen)-> Alternate (g)attendance(pen) brought daimyo regularly to Edo.
(pen)-> Costly stays and (g)family hostages(pen) helped shoguns check lords.
(pen)o (li)Religious division and settlement(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Augsburg(pen) (1555) let princes choose Catholic or Lutheran rule.
(pen)-> (li)Westphalia(pen) (1648) recognized Calvinism in Holy Roman lands.
(pen)-> These were rulers' rights, not full religious freedom for all.
(pen)-> (hp)Protestant(pen) and (hp)Catholic(pen) reforms both expanded Christianity.
(pen)o (y)American tribute and sacred authority(pen)
(pen)-> Mexica rulers used (y)human sacrifice(pen) to uphold cosmic order.
(pen)-> Warfare supplied (y)captives(pen), tying military and priestly power.
(pen)-> (y)Tribute(pen) goods sustained Tenochtitlan, nobles, and armies.
(pen)-> Inca (or)mit(pen)'(or)a(pen) required labor, unlike Mexica (y)tribute(pen) in goods.
(pen)-> Both linked sacred (p)legitimacy(pen) to extraction from subjects.
(pen)-> Before European conquest, both expanded without (hp)gunpowder(pen).