o Overview
-> Reformation and church authority
-> Sunni and Shi'a leadership
-> Religious legitimation and diversity
o Reformation and church authority
-> Indulgences remitted temporal penalties for forgiven sins.
-> Their sale fed charges of church corruption, fueling reform.
-> Luther taught justification: acceptance by God through faith.
-> Calvin's predestination held that God determines salvation.
-> Henry VIII broke with Rome and headed England's Church.
-> Royal supremacy put church offices and wealth under the crown.
-> The Council of Trent defended doctrine and reformed clergy.
o Sunni and Shi'a leadership
-> Sunnis recognized the first four caliphs as rightly guided.
-> Shi'a saw Ali and his line as Muhammad's rightful successors.
-> Twelver Shi'a revered twelve Imams as religious authorities.
-> Ottomans backed Sunni clergy; Safavids backed Shi'a clergy.
o Religious legitimation and diversity
-> Divine right cast obedience to God-given kings as sacred.
-> Qing claimed Heaven's mandate, conditional on moral rule.
-> Inca sun temples displayed rulers' claimed divine ancestry.
-> Askia Muhammad promoted Islam to legitimize Songhai rule.
-> Qing backed Tibetan Buddhism to court Mongols and Tibetans.
-> Orthodox clergy supported Russian tsars and taught obedience.
o Overview
-> Accommodation and cultural patronage
-> Religious division and settlement
-> American tribute and sacred authority
o Accommodation and cultural patronage
-> Mughal Akbar recruited Rajputs, Hindu warrior elites.
-> Their troops and support eased rule over a Hindu majority.
-> Akbar commissioned the Akbarnama as an official history.
-> Funding encouraged authors to portray rulers favorably.
-> Tokugawa daimyo were regional lords with their own domains.
-> Alternate attendance brought daimyo regularly to Edo.
-> Costly stays and family hostages helped shoguns check lords.
o Religious division and settlement
-> Augsburg (1555) let princes choose Catholic or Lutheran rule.
-> Westphalia (1648) recognized Calvinism in Holy Roman lands.
-> These were rulers' rights, not full religious freedom for all.
-> Protestant and Catholic reforms both expanded Christianity.
o American tribute and sacred authority
-> Mexica rulers used human sacrifice to uphold cosmic order.
-> Warfare supplied captives, tying military and priestly power.
-> Tribute goods sustained Tenochtitlan, nobles, and armies.
-> Inca mit'a required labor, unlike Mexica tribute in goods.
-> Both linked sacred legitimacy to extraction from subjects.
-> Before European conquest, both expanded without gunpowder.