(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Shared drivers of expansion(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Transport and geographic differences(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Goods and commercial institutions(pen)
(pen)o (g)Shared drivers of expansion(pen)
(pen)-> c. 1200-1450: all three (lb)networks(pen) grew on older routes.
(pen)-> Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, and Sahara linked regions.
(pen)-> Demand for foreign (p)goods(pen) drew merchants into all three.
(pen)-> Mongol protection eased Silk Road travel across Eurasia.
(pen)-> Mali secured Saharan routes; gold trade funded rulers.
(pen)-> Port rulers fostered ocean trade to collect customs.
(pen)o (li)Transport and geographic differences(pen)
(pen)-> Silk Roads crossed Eurasia using overland caravans.
(pen)-> Saharan caravans linked West Africa to North Africa.
(pen)-> Camels enabled both land (lb)networks(pen) to cross dry regions.
(pen)-> Ocean sailors timed voyages to seasonal monsoon winds.
(pen)-> Compasses and improved ships made sea travel easier.
(pen)-> Ships carried larger loads at lower cost than caravans.
(pen)o (p)Goods and commercial institutions(pen)
(pen)-> Land costs favored valuable (p)goods(pen): silk, gold, spices.
(pen)-> Ocean ships also carried bulk (p)goods(pen), including timber.
(pen)-> Saharan trade paired West African gold with desert salt.
(pen)-> Caravanserai sheltered traders; ports supplied ships.
(pen)-> Credit and merchant ties reduced long-distance risks.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Cultural and technological diffusion(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Environmental consequences(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Uneven integration and continuity(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Cultural and technological diffusion(pen)
(pen)-> c. 1200-1450: all (lb)networks(pen) moved ideas as well as (p)goods(pen).
(pen)-> Muslim merchants spread Islam across all three (lb)networks(pen).
(pen)-> Sufis aided conversion in Central and Southeast Asia.
(pen)-> Mali's rulers adopted Islam but local beliefs persisted.
(pen)-> Ocean diasporas fostered Swahili Islamic coastal culture.
(pen)-> Silk Roads carried Chinese gunpowder knowledge westward.
(pen)o (hp)Environmental consequences(pen)
(pen)-> Eurasian routes helped spread plague in the 1300s.
(pen)-> Overland and sea links carried infection toward Europe.
(pen)-> Black Death deaths disrupted labor and raised some wages.
(pen)-> Saharan (lb)exchange(pen) did not (g)share(pen) Europe's plague impact.
(pen)-> Ocean (lb)exchange(pen) spread crops such as bananas to Africa.
(pen)-> New crops supported population growth where soils suited.
(pen)o (pu)Uneven integration and continuity(pen)
(pen)-> All (lb)networks(pen) enriched trading cities and merchant elites.
(pen)-> Samarkand, Kilwa, and Timbuktu grew as (lb)exchange(pen) centers.
(pen)-> Ocean trade linked many states, not one unifying empire.
(pen)-> Mongol fragmentation weakened Silk Road protections.
(pen)-> Despite growth, local trade and older beliefs persisted.