(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Crop diffusion(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Champa rice(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Agricultural landscapes(pen)
(pen)o (g)Crop diffusion(pen)
(pen)-> Afro-Eurasian exchange spread (g)crops(pen), c. 1200-1450.
(pen)-> Merchants and migrants carried seeds and farming skills.
(pen)-> Indian Ocean links spread (g)crops(pen) between tropical regions.
(pen)-> Bananas reached Africa from Southeast Asia before 1200.
(pen)-> Their continued spread expanded food supplies in Africa.
(pen)o (li)Champa rice(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Champa rice(pen) came from what is now central Vietnam.
(pen)-> Introduced to China in the 1000s, it spread after 1200.
(pen)-> Early ripening allowed multiple harvests in suitable areas.
(pen)-> Drought resistance reduced vulnerability to dry spells.
(pen)-> Irrigation and farming skills helped realize these gains.
(pen)-> Higher yields supported population growth and urbanization.
(pen)o (p)Agricultural landscapes(pen)
(pen)-> Population growth increased demand for cultivated land.
(pen)-> (li)Rice(pen) terraces expanded farming onto Chinese hillsides.
(pen)-> Irrigation changed water use and supported intensive (g)crops(pen).
(pen)-> Clearing forests for fields reduced woodland habitats.
(pen)-> Bananas supported denser settlement in parts of Africa.
(pen)-> Climate and water access limited where new (g)crops(pen) thrived.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Plague transmission(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Black Death(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Demographic consequences(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Plague transmission(pen)
(pen)-> Expanded trade, c. 1200-1450, also carried pathogens.
(pen)-> Mongol rule linked Eurasian routes and eased movement.
(pen)-> Caravans and ships carried infected animals and fleas.
(pen)-> Yersinia pestis bacteria caused (hp)plague(pen), not trade itself.
(pen)-> Rodent-flea cycles helped (hp)plague(pen) persist and spread.
(pen)-> Connected ports exposed distant populations to infection.
(pen)o (hp)Black Death(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Plague(pen) spread west across Eurasia in the 1300s.
(pen)-> (hp)Black(pen) Sea links carried (hp)plague(pen) into Mediterranean ports.
(pen)-> Europe's major outbreak occurred in 1347-1351.
(pen)-> North Africa and the Middle East also suffered epidemics.
(pen)-> European (hp)deaths(pen) totaled roughly one-third or more.
(pen)-> Mortality varied; recurrent outbreaks hindered recovery.
(pen)o (pu)Demographic consequences(pen)
(pen)-> Mass (hp)deaths(pen) reduced labor supplies and disrupted farming.
(pen)-> Abandoned fields reverted to pasture or woodland.
(pen)-> Labor scarcity raised workers' bargaining power in Europe.
(pen)-> Some elites imposed wage controls to resist higher pay.
(pen)-> Serfdom weakened in parts of Europe, not everywhere.