(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Demand and regional exchange(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Desert transport and technology(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Commercial growth and urbanization(pen)
(pen)o (g)Demand and regional exchange(pen)
(pen)-> c. 1200-1450: (hp)trade(pen) linked West Africa and North Africa.
(pen)-> North African (g)demand(pen) for gold drew merchants south.
(pen)-> Gold supplied Mediterranean markets and coinage.
(pen)-> Scarce salt in the savanna encouraged (li)desert(pen) imports.
(pen)-> Merchants (g)exchanged(pen) Saharan salt for West African gold.
(pen)-> Enslaved people and textiles also crossed the Sahara.
(pen)o (li)Desert transport and technology(pen)
(pen)-> Aridity made water access essential to (li)desert(pen) travel.
(pen)-> Camels tolerated (li)desert(pen) conditions better than horses.
(pen)-> Improved camel saddles increased carrying capacity.
(pen)-> Large caravans pooled supplies and reduced attack risks.
(pen)-> Berber guides used (li)desert(pen) knowledge to connect oases.
(pen)-> Oasis stops enabled crossings but constrained routes.
(pen)o (p)Commercial growth and urbanization(pen)
(pen)-> Older routes expanded; camels were not new after 1200.
(pen)-> (li)Desert(pen) routes joined river (hp)trade(pen) along the Niger.
(pen)-> (hp)Trade(pen) income enlarged markets in Timbuktu and Gao.
(pen)-> Merchant settlements connected distant (hp)trading(pen) regions.
(pen)-> Growing towns increased (g)demand(pen) for food and artisans.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Mali(pen)'(hp)s expansion and trade(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Islam and communication(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Social effects and continuities(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Mali(pen)'(hp)s expansion and trade(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Mali(pen) rose in the 1200s along West African (hp)trade(pen) routes.
(pen)-> Sundiata's conquests consolidated (hp)Mali(pen)'s (g)regional(pen) power.
(pen)-> Control of gold commerce and (hp)trade(pen) towns yielded taxes.
(pen)-> (hp)Trade(pen) revenue financed armies and further (hp)expansion(pen).
(pen)-> Rulers protected routes, encouraging merchant travel.
(pen)-> Imperial rule linked Niger markets to Saharan caravans.
(pen)o (hp)Islam and communication(pen)
(pen)-> Muslim merchants carried (hp)Islam(pen) across Saharan routes.
(pen)-> Shared faith and (hp)Islamic(pen) law aided (p)commercial(pen) trust.
(pen)-> Arabic connected traders, scholars, and royal courts.
(pen)-> Mansa Musa's 1324-1325 hajj publicized (hp)Mali(pen)'s wealth.
(pen)-> His patronage supported mosques and (hp)Islamic(pen) learning.
(pen)-> Timbuktu drew scholars into wider Muslim networks.
(pen)o (pu)Social effects and continuities(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Trade(pen) wealth strengthened rulers and merchant elites.
(pen)-> (g)Demand(pen) for captives sustained forced migration north.
(pen)-> (hp)Islam(pen) spread most strongly in courts and (hp)trade(pen) towns.
(pen)-> Local religious practices persisted alongside (hp)Islam(pen).
(pen)-> (hp)Mali(pen) expanded (g)exchange(pen) without erasing local cultures.