(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Causes of trade growth(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Maritime technologies(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Economic and political effects(pen)
(pen)o (g)Causes of trade growth(pen)
(pen)-> After 1200, older (lb)Indian Ocean(pen) routes grew in volume.
(pen)-> Rising demand for spices and textiles drew (hp)merchants(pen).
(pen)-> Chinese production supplied porcelain and silk exports.
(pen)-> Muslim (hp)merchant(pen) networks linked distant port markets.
(pen)-> Shared commercial ties eased credit and negotiation.
(pen)-> Port rulers protected commerce to gain customs revenue.
(pen)o (li)Maritime technologies(pen)
(pen)-> Lateen sails helped ships tack against the wind.
(pen)-> Chinese junks used sternpost rudders for steering.
(pen)-> Magnetic compasses improved navigation offshore.
(pen)-> Mariners shared shipbuilding and navigational knowledge.
(pen)-> Larger ships moved bulk cargo more cheaply than caravans.
(pen)o (p)Economic and political effects(pen)
(pen)-> Sea routes linked East Africa, Arabia, India, and China.
(pen)-> India exported cotton cloth; Southeast Asia sent spices.
(pen)-> Swahili ports exported gold and ivory from the interior.
(pen)-> (g)Trade(pen) wealth expanded cities such as Kilwa and Calicut.
(pen)-> Malacca's strait location enriched its (g)trading(pen) sultanate.
(pen)-> Zheng He's voyages (1405-1433) extended Ming diplomacy.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (li)Monsoons and maritime geography(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Merchant diasporas(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Cultural and environmental exchange(pen)
(pen)o (li)Monsoons and maritime geography(pen)
(pen)-> In c. 1200-1450, seasonal winds structured ocean (g)trade(pen).
(pen)-> Summer (li)monsoons(pen) aided voyages from Arabia toward India.
(pen)-> Winter wind reversals helped ships make return voyages.
(pen)-> Predictable winds let sailors schedule long crossings.
(pen)-> Waiting for wind changes prolonged (hp)merchants(pen)' port stays.
(pen)-> Natural harbors and narrow straits concentrated traffic.
(pen)o (hp)Merchant diasporas(pen)
(pen)-> Seasonal stays fostered foreign (hp)merchant(pen) communities.
(pen)-> Arab and Persian (hp)merchants(pen) settled in East African ports.
(pen)-> Muslim traders also formed communities in Indian ports.
(pen)-> (hp)Diaspora(pen) ties supplied contacts, credit, and market news.
(pen)-> Intermarriage linked foreign (hp)merchants(pen) to local families.
(pen)o (hp)Cultural and environmental exchange(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Merchant(pen) contacts spread Islam without universal conquest.
(pen)-> Some Southeast Asian rulers adopted Islam and (g)trade(pen) ties.
(pen)-> Swahili blended Bantu roots with Arabic loanwords.
(pen)-> Coastal Islamic practices coexisted with local traditions.
(pen)-> Sea (g)trade(pen) moved crops, including citrus, into new regions.
(pen)-> Connected ports also enabled infectious disease to spread.