(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)State institutions(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Political legitimacy(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Social hierarchies(pen)
(pen)o (g)State institutions(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)Comparison(pen), c.1200-1450: China and Japan kept emperors.
(pen)-> Song China used exams; European nobles inherited power.
(pen)-> Both relied on elites to govern and collect revenues.
(pen)-> Song officials served emperors; nobles limited kings.
(pen)-> Delhi sultans used military elites, not Confucian exams.
(pen)-> Japan's shoguns held power; emperors retained prestige.
(pen)o (li)Political legitimacy(pen)
(pen)-> China and Europe both tied (li)legitimacy(pen) to sacred order.
(pen)-> China used Heaven's mandate; kings sought Church backing.
(pen)-> Mali's rulers used Islam alongside local traditions.
(pen)-> Mexica rulers linked warfare to tribute and sacrifice.
(pen)-> European popes could challenge kings' (pu)religious(pen) authority.
(pen)o (p)Social hierarchies(pen)
(pen)-> China and Europe both had landholding elite (p)hierarchies(pen).
(pen)-> China prized scholar-officials; Europe privileged nobles.
(pen)-> Indian caste ranked inherited status and occupations.
(pen)-> Unlike caste, exams offered some mobility in China.
(pen)-> China and India preserved patriarchal family authority.
(pen)-> Foot binding marked elite Chinese women, not Europeans.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Economic structures(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Environmental adaptation(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Religious communities(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Economic structures(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)Comparison(pen), c.1200-1450: farming sustained most states.
(pen)-> China and Europe both drew revenues from peasant labor.
(pen)-> Song markets grew; European manors relied on labor dues.
(pen)-> Mali taxed gold trade; Swahili ports taxed ocean trade.
(pen)-> Both gained wealth from commerce, but via different routes.
(pen)-> Mexica took tribute; Inca rulers mobilized mit'a labor.
(pen)o (hp)Environmental adaptation(pen)
(pen)-> China and the Andes both adapted farming to terrain.
(pen)-> Chinese wet-rice farming supported dense populations.
(pen)-> Andean terraces expanded farming to support Inca rule.
(pen)-> Monsoon winds aided Swahili shipping, not Mali's caravans.
(pen)-> Camels enabled desert trade that enriched Mali's rulers.
(pen)o (pu)Religious communities(pen)
(pen)-> Christianity and Islam both linked distant (pu)communities(pen).
(pen)-> Church clergy guided Christians; ulama interpreted Islam.
(pen)-> Sufis spread Islam; Buddhist monks spread their teachings.
(pen)-> Both used (pu)religious(pen) networks beyond (li)political(pen) borders.
(pen)-> Bhakti devotion challenged caste barriers, not all caste.
(pen)-> Hindu and Buddhist traditions persisted under new rulers.