(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Feudal politics(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Monarchies(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Byzantine state(pen)
(pen)o (g)Feudal politics(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)Europe(pen) c. 1200 had fragmented political authority.
(pen)-> (g)Feudal(pen) ties exchanged land rights for military service.
(pen)-> Lords granted fiefs to vassals who pledged loyalty.
(pen)-> Nobles held local courts and fielded armed retainers.
(pen)-> Kings bargained with nobles rather than ruling uniformly.
(pen)-> Decentralization varied; towns also claimed autonomy.
(pen)o (li)Monarchies(pen)
(pen)-> France's Capetians enlarged royal lands and courts.
(pen)-> England used royal courts and officials to extend rule.
(pen)-> Magna Carta (1215) limited royal power for elites.
(pen)-> Parliament gave nobles and towns a voice in taxation.
(pen)-> Iberian Christian kingdoms expanded into Muslim lands.
(pen)-> Taxes and paid armies helped (li)monarchies(pen) centralize.
(pen)o (p)Byzantine state(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Byzantine(pen) emperors upheld Roman law and bureaucracy.
(pen)-> Orthodox Christianity reinforced imperial legitimacy.
(pen)-> Unlike (g)feudal(pen) (lb)Europe(pen), Byzantium had imperial offices.
(pen)-> Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204, weakening rule.
(pen)-> Restored in 1261, the (p)state(pen) faced shrinking territory.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Religious communities(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Manorial agriculture(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Social and economic change(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Religious communities(pen)
(pen)-> Latin Christianity linked western (lb)Europe(pen) under the pope.
(pen)-> Clergy ran schools; monasteries preserved learned texts.
(pen)-> Church courts and landholding bolstered (hp)religious(pen) power.
(pen)-> Judaism endured amid legal restrictions and expulsions.
(pen)-> Islam shaped Iberian cities, trade, and scholarship.
(pen)-> Crusades mobilized Christians and deepened (hp)religious(pen) rifts.
(pen)o (hp)Manorial agriculture(pen)
(pen)-> Manorialism organized estates around peasant labor.
(pen)-> Serfs owed dues and labor; they were bound to the land.
(pen)-> Free peasants also farmed; most (lb)Europeans(pen) lived rurally.
(pen)-> Heavy plows and three-field rotation raised some yields.
(pen)-> Agricultural surplus supported population and town growth.
(pen)-> Lords retained land power despite expanding markets.
(pen)o (pu)Social and economic change(pen)
(pen)-> Guilds regulated crafts; merchants gained urban influence.
(pen)-> Mediterranean trade linked (lb)Europe(pen) with Islamic markets.
(pen)-> Black Death killed millions and reduced labor supplies.
(pen)-> Labor scarcity raised wages and weakened some serfdom.
(pen)-> (lb)European(pen) hierarchies endured despite peasant revolts.