(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Regional environments(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Mali and gold trade(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Islam and royal authority(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Great Zimbabwe(pen)
(pen)o (g)Regional environments(pen)
(pen)-> In c. 1200-1450, (lb)Africa(pen) had diverse forms of government.
(pen)-> Sahel grasslands linked farming zones to Saharan routes.
(pen)-> Camel caravans crossed deserts, connecting (li)gold(pen) and salt.
(pen)-> (li)Trade(pen) taxes and farm surpluses supported state growth.
(pen)o (li)Mali and gold trade(pen)
(pen)-> Sundiata founded (li)Mali(pen) in the 1200s through conquest.
(pen)-> Rulers taxed (li)gold(pen) and salt (li)trade(pen) across the Sahara.
(pen)-> Provincial leaders governed under (li)Mali(pen)'s king.
(pen)-> Niger River farming sustained towns and (p)royal(pen) revenues.
(pen)o (p)Islam and royal authority(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Mali(pen)'s rulers adopted (p)Islam(pen), joining Muslim (li)trade(pen) networks.
(pen)-> Mansa Musa's 1324-1325 hajj displayed (li)Mali(pen)'s wealth.
(pen)-> (p)Royal(pen) patronage supported mosques and learning in Timbuktu.
(pen)-> Many rural communities retained local religious practices.
(pen)o (hp)Great Zimbabwe(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Great Zimbabwe(pen) grew powerful in southern (lb)Africa(pen) by c. 1300.
(pen)-> Cattle and farming supported rulers and social hierarchies.
(pen)-> (li)Gold(pen) exports reached Indian Ocean ports through middlemen.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Swahili city states(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Ethiopia and Christianity(pen)
(pen)-> (y)Diverse African societies(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Swahili city states(pen)
(pen)-> Kilwa and Mombasa were independent coastal trading cities.
(pen)-> Monsoon winds linked East (lb)Africa(pen) to Arabia and India.
(pen)-> Merchants exported (li)gold(pen), ivory, and enslaved people.
(pen)-> Port wealth supported ruling elites and urban growth.
(pen)-> (p)Islam(pen) spread through (li)trade(pen); many coastal elites converted.
(pen)-> (hp)Swahili(pen) joined Bantu grammar with Arabic loanwords.
(pen)o (pu)Ethiopia and Christianity(pen)
(pen)-> The Solomonic dynasty took power in (pu)Ethiopia(pen) in 1270.
(pen)-> Claims of descent from Solomon legitimized kingship.
(pen)-> Highland farming sustained landholding nobles and rulers.
(pen)-> (pu)Christianity(pen) tied (p)royal(pen) legitimacy to church institutions.
(pen)-> Rock-cut churches at Lalibela expressed (pu)Christian(pen) devotion.
(pen)-> (pu)Ethiopia(pen) retained (pu)Christianity(pen) amid nearby Muslim states.
(pen)o (y)Diverse African societies(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Mali(pen) was an empire; (hp)Swahili(pen) ports were separate (hp)city states(pen).
(pen)-> (hp)Zimbabwe(pen)'s stone walls marked elite wealth and power.
(pen)-> (pu)Ethiopia(pen)'s (pu)Christian(pen) kings differed from Muslim (li)Mali(pen) rulers.
(pen)-> Kinship councils governed many (y)societies(pen) without kings.
(pen)-> (li)Trade(pen) enriched elites; local beliefs and kinship persisted.