(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Maya continuity(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Mexica tribute empire(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Mesoamerican agriculture(pen)
(pen)o (g)Maya continuity(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Maya(pen) city-(pu)states(pen) persisted in Yucatan, c. 1200-1450.
(pen)-> No unified (g)Maya(pen) (li)empire(pen); rival dynasties ruled locally.
(pen)-> Earlier southern decline did not end (g)Maya(pen) civilization.
(pen)-> Kings and priests used rituals to legitimize authority.
(pen)-> Polytheism, calendars and maize traditions continued.
(pen)o (li)Mexica tribute empire(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Mexica(pen) founded Tenochtitlan in 1325 on Lake Texcoco.
(pen)-> Triple Alliance formed in 1428, expanding by conquest.
(pen)-> Subject rulers kept local power but owed (li)tribute(pen).
(pen)-> (li)Tribute(pen) goods sustained nobles, armies and the capital.
(pen)-> Priests and warriors ranked above commoners and slaves.
(pen)-> Huitzilopochtli worship tied sacrifice to warfare.
(pen)o (p)Mesoamerican agriculture(pen)
(pen)-> Chinampas raised yields in shallow lake environments.
(pen)-> Maize, beans and squash sustained dense populations.
(pen)-> Irrigation and terraces adapted farming to local terrain.
(pen)-> Surpluses supported cities, elites and craft specialists.
(pen)-> Markets and merchants linked (p)Mesoamerican(pen) communities.
(pen)-> (li)Tribute(pen) demands enriched rulers but fueled resistance.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Inca centralization(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Andean adaptations(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)American state comparison(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Inca centralization(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Inca(pen) expansion accelerated under Pachacuti from 1438.
(pen)-> Cusco anchored a centralized (li)empire(pen) in the Andes.
(pen)-> Officials governed provinces through local leaders.
(pen)-> Mit'a required rotating labor for (pu)state(pen) projects.
(pen)-> Roads and runners linked troops, officials and supplies.
(pen)-> Quipu knotted cords recorded labor and stored goods.
(pen)-> Inti worship and royal ancestor veneration backed rule.
(pen)o (hp)Andean adaptations(pen)
(pen)-> Terraces and irrigation expanded mountain farming.
(pen)-> Potatoes and quinoa suited highland environments.
(pen)-> Llamas carried goods; roads connected ecological zones.
(pen)-> Ayllu kin groups organized landholding and shared labor.
(pen)-> Storehouses supplied armies and buffered crop failures.
(pen)o (pu)American state comparison(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)Americas(pen): farming surpluses supported stratified (pu)states(pen).
(pen)-> (g)Maya(pen) local dynasties contrast with (hp)Inca centralization(pen).
(pen)-> (li)Mexica tribute(pen) differed from (hp)Inca(pen) labor mobilization.
(pen)-> (lb)American(pen) rulers used religion to legitimize hierarchy.
(pen)-> Both (li)empires(pen) expanded rapidly; (g)Maya(pen) autonomy persisted.