(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)South Asian kingdoms(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Southeast Asian empires(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Land and maritime power(pen)
(pen)o (g)South Asian kingdoms(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)South Asia(pen) had rival states, not one unified empire.
(pen)-> Delhi Sultanate began in 1206 through Turkic conquest.
(pen)-> Muslim sultans ruled a largely Hindu population.
(pen)-> (p)Land(pen) taxes funded armies; local elites retained influence.
(pen)-> Vijayanagara arose in 1336 as a southern Hindu kingdom.
(pen)-> Its rulers used temples and patronage to legitimize rule.
(pen)o (li)Southeast Asian empires(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)Southeast Asia(pen) adapted Indian beliefs to local rule.
(pen)-> Srivijaya linked Buddhist patronage to sea trade.
(pen)-> Its ports near the Malacca Strait taxed passing trade.
(pen)-> Srivijaya declined in the 1200s as rival ports rose.
(pen)-> Majapahit arose in Java in 1293 with Hindu-Buddhist courts.
(pen)-> Khmer rulers at Angkor used temples to display authority.
(pen)o (p)Land and maritime power(pen)
(pen)-> Khmer canals and reservoirs supported rice farming.
(pen)-> Agrarian surpluses sustained cities, armies, and temples.
(pen)-> Delhi relied on (p)land(pen) revenue; Srivijaya on port commerce.
(pen)-> Majapahit combined a rice-growing core with sea (pu)networks(pen).
(pen)-> Both (p)land(pen) and (p)maritime(pen) rulers tied wealth to royal (p)power(pen).
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Religious traditions(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Social hierarchies(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Economic networks(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Religious traditions(pen)
(pen)-> Hinduism linked dharma and caste duties in (lb)South Asia(pen).
(pen)-> Bhakti devotion offered worship beyond priestly rituals.
(pen)-> Buddhism sustained monasteries and learning in Srivijaya.
(pen)-> Theravada Buddhism spread among mainland populations.
(pen)-> In Khmer (p)lands(pen), it gained ground over royal Hindu cults.
(pen)-> Islam spread through conquest, merchants, and Sufi teachers.
(pen)o (hp)Social hierarchies(pen)
(pen)-> (lb)South Asian(pen) caste (hp)hierarchies(pen) persisted under Muslim rule.
(pen)-> Brahmins gained status from ritual and temple patronage.
(pen)-> Sufi and Bhakti teachers stressed personal devotion.
(pen)-> (lb)Southeast Asian(pen) rulers adapted beliefs to local customs.
(pen)-> Conversion did not erase older practices or local elites.
(pen)o (pu)Economic networks(pen)
(pen)-> Monsoon winds linked ports across the Indian Ocean.
(pen)-> (lb)Southeast Asia(pen) exported spices; India supplied textiles.
(pen)-> Merchant diasporas carried Islam to coastal trading towns.
(pen)-> Muslim ports expanded while inland Hindu courts endured.
(pen)-> Temples held (p)land(pen) and supported labor and local markets.
(pen)-> Trade enriched ports; farming sustained inland states.