(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (g)Song governance(pen)
(pen)-> (li)Economic expansion(pen)
(pen)-> (p)Technology and commerce(pen)
(pen)o (g)Song governance(pen)
(pen)-> (g)Song(pen) rule (960-1279) centralized civilian government.
(pen)-> A bureaucracy administered taxes and imperial policies.
(pen)-> Civil service exams tested (hp)Confucian(pen) classics.
(pen)-> Scholar-officials linked education to state authority.
(pen)-> Exams widened recruitment but favored wealthy families.
(pen)-> Mongols conquered the (g)Song(pen) in 1279; Yuan began in 1271.
(pen)o (li)Economic expansion(pen)
(pen)-> Champa rice matured quickly and resisted drought.
(pen)-> More harvests and irrigation increased food supplies.
(pen)-> Farm surpluses supported population growth and cities.
(pen)-> Markets linked rural producers to urban consumers.
(pen)-> Commercialization increased production for sale.
(pen)-> (lb)East Asia(pen) traded silk and porcelain through sea routes.
(pen)o (p)Technology and commerce(pen)
(pen)-> Iron and steel output supplied tools and weapons.
(pen)-> Coal fueled iron production in parts of (g)Song(pen) China.
(pen)-> Woodblock printing spread texts and exam preparation.
(pen)-> Movable type appeared but woodblock printing persisted.
(pen)-> Paper money eased exchange in a growing market economy.
(pen)o Overview
(pen)-> (hp)Confucian social order(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Buddhist continuity(pen)
(pen)-> (pu)Regional states and comparison(pen)
(pen)o (hp)Confucian social order(pen)
(pen)-> (hp)Confucian(pen) hierarchy supported rulers and family elders.
(pen)-> Filial piety required respect for parents and ancestors.
(pen)-> Neo-(hp)Confucian(pen) thought joined ethics with metaphysics.
(pen)-> Patriarchy limited women's authority and independence.
(pen)-> Foot binding spread among elite women in (g)Song(pen) China.
(pen)-> Scholar-gentry status rested on land and education.
(pen)o (hp)Buddhist continuity(pen)
(pen)-> Mahayana Buddhism remained influential in (lb)East Asia(pen).
(pen)-> (hp)Buddhist(pen) monasteries offered worship and charity.
(pen)-> Buddhism coexisted with (hp)Confucian(pen) and Daoist traditions.
(pen)-> Chan Buddhism emphasized meditation and insight.
(pen)-> Tibetan Buddhism joined Mahayana with tantric practices.
(pen)-> Theravada Buddhism prevailed in much of Southeast Asia.
(pen)o (pu)Regional states and comparison(pen)
(pen)-> Tributary ties linked (lb)East Asia(pen) without uniform rule.
(pen)-> Korea adopted Chinese exams; hereditary elites endured.
(pen)-> Vietnam used Chinese bureaucracy but kept local customs.
(pen)-> Japan's shoguns held power; samurai served (pu)regional(pen) lords.
(pen)-> Ming rule restored Chinese dynastic government in 1368.